Golden Splendour
Gold Jewellery from the Collection of Tuyet Nguyet and Stephen Markbreiter
Online Auction: 21–28 July 2021 • 10:00 AM HKT • Hong Kong

Golden Splendour – Gold Jewellery from the Collection of Tuyet Nguyet and Stephen Markbreiter 21–28 July 2021 • 10:00 AM HKT • Hong Kong

T uyet Nguyet (1934-2020) and Stephen Markbreiter (1921-2014) were passionate collectors of Asian Art, over the years amassing a comprehensive collection that includes a diverse range of arts from different cultures. Following the earlier successful sales of gilt-bronze Buddhist metalwork, jade carvings, China trade paintings, and snuff bottles, this online auction presents a remarkable assemblage of antique gold jewellery. Among Tuyet Nguyet's many passions was her antique jewellery collection which represents pieces she acquired over a span of 40 years with an eye toward the finest examples from Java, Khmer, Burma, Vietnam and Tibet. The sale also features the most remarkable group of gold rings from the Angkor period, 9th century, their superb workmanship and sumptuousness indicating they were made for the royal court.

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Mapping of the History of Asian Gold Jewellery

The history of Southeast Asia is written in the gold of its early kingdoms, reflecting the rise and fall of ancient empires as well as the influences of neighbouring cultures through trade, religion, and conquest. The map below shows the overlap of kingdoms through more than 2000 years of history. Click on the red hotspots below to see styles of gold jewellery that developed in each location.
  • Khmer Created with Sketch.
  • Java Created with Sketch.
  • China Created with Sketch.
  • Tibet Created with Sketch.
  • India Created with Sketch.
  • Pyu Created with Sketch.
  • Vietnam Created with Sketch.
  • Thailand Created with Sketch.
  • Indonesian Archipelago Created with Sketch.
  • Bali Created with Sketch.
  • Philippines Created with Sketch.

Khmer – A Testament of Power

The Khmer empire was a mighty state in Southeast Asia that flourished from the 9th to 15th centuries. At its peak, it controlled present-day Cambodia and large areas of Vietnam, Thailand, and Laos.

Before and during the Khmer empire, the region was heavily influenced by India. In the later 8th century, the Javanese conquered part of the Pre-Angkorian empire, which greatly influenced the style of ornamentation found in the Angkor period. As a result, the Hindu-Buddhist iconography became prominent, as seen in a group of gold rings in the collection.

The most remarkable group of rings in this collection come from the Angkor period. These rings can be stylistically identified by the architectural features mirrored in the goldwork, reminiscent of details found on the friezes of the Angkor Wat temple complex. Their superb craftsmanship and sumptuousness suggests the rings were made for the royal court.

A Glittering Menagerie
  • Bull
  • Ganesha and Mûshika
  • Makara
  • Garuda
  • Scorpion
  • A gold ring of Nandi on a lotus Java, Indonesia
    10th - 15th century

    Bali, situated just two miles east of Java, has a rich tradition of adornment, with motifs influenced by a form of Hinduism fused with Buddhism as well as indigenous beliefs. This ring depict Nandi, the sacred bull and vehicle of Shiva, one of the most important gods in the Hindu pantheon.

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  • A gold 'Ganesha and rats' ring Khmer, Angkor period
    8th - 9th century

    Easily recognisable by his elephant head and human body, Ganesha is the god of wisdom, intelligence, education and prudence. Half man, half elephant, with a round belly, representing abundance and generosity, he has small eyes, a symbol of concentration, and big ears representing the need to talk less and listen more. He is joined by his companion, Mûshika the mouse.

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  • A pair of gold repoussé 'Makara and human figure' earrings set with green glass beads Pre-Khmer
    8th century

    The Makara is a hybrid figure from Hindu mythology that combines an elephant with a crocodile. The design has the trunk of an elephant forming the ear hook, while the body and head of a crocodile is depicted with a human figure caught in its jaws trying to escape.

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  • A gem-set gold ring of a deity riding on Garuda Possibly Khmer, Angkor period, or Java
    9th century

    This ring exemplifies the interaction of cultural influences throughout Southeast Asia. The shank of the ring appears to be Javanese, but shows evidence of Khmer workmanship. Meanwhile, the image of a female deity, perhaps Lakshmi or Sita, riding on Garuda comes from Hindu mythology.

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  • A gold repoussé ring with a garnet intaglio of a scorpion Khmer
    9th - 15th century

    The Nguyet and Markbreiter collection showcases gold rings inset with cabochon rubies, garnets and cat's eye from various parts of Thailand, Champa, Khmer and Pyu, demonstrating a clear crossover of styles and gold working. A beautiful example is this gold repoussé ring with carved garnet intaglio held in place with four claws.

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Java – A Convergence of Islamic Culture

Jewellery has been the most prevalent form of ancient goldware across Southeast Asia, of which the most impressive traces of Indonesian civilisation are from Java. The Tuyet Nguyet and Stephen Markbreiter Collection includes a significant portion of gold jewellery from this region dating from the 7th to early 16th century, a period also known as the Classical Period, illustrating Javanese goldsmiths' copious variety and intricate artistry.

The Classical Period is conventionally divided into three phases: Early Classical Period (7th - 9th century), where the political power was based in Central Java; Middle Classical Period (10th - mid 13th century), where the authority shifted to East Java; and Late Classical Period (mid 13th - early 16th century), which is characterised by the Majapahit Empire - one of the greatest of the early Indonesian kingdoms. The Majapahit Empire came to its demise in 1519 with the arrival of Islam, signalling the end of the Classical Period as a whole.

During this period, Javanese goldsmiths were highly esteemed in society, listed among the five main crafts. They produced some of the most unique and intricate gold jewellery, particularly rings. Their skill was highly advanced, creating designs that significantly diverged from their Southeast Asian counterparts, such as rings with auspicious motifs, wire-wrapped rings, rings associated with Hindu-Buddhist iconography, and ear clips.

Pyu

In the 8th century, the eastern region of modern-day Myanmar was ruled by the Pyu people, who struck coins with designs inspired by the Arakanese kingdom to the west, such as lot 1061.

The front of the coin depicts a throne adorned with royal diadems; the reverse features the Shrivastava emblem, which represents Sri, the goddess of wealth and prosperity. Within the Shrivastava emblem, a mountain representing the earth and also Shiva, the god of opposing forces, rises from the primordial water below and under the heavens signified by the moon and sun above. The mountain is flanked by a vajra thunderbolt, an emblem of Indra, the god of the heavens, and a shankha conch shell, a symbol associated with Vishnu, the god of creation and preserver of the cosmic system.

The bail suggests it may have also been used as an amulet. The production of coinage largely ceased in the 9th century with the demise of the Pyu. Although Pyu coins were highly standardized in size and weight, it is uncertain if they were used as currency in the contemporary sense or as royally sanctioned bullion due to their scarcity.

Indonesian Archipelago – The Sumbanese Mamuli

The Sumbanese believed precious metals had a celestial origin. The sun is made of gold, while the moon and stars are of silver. Gold and silver are deposited on Earth when the sun and moon set or shooting stars fall from the sky. Sumbanese regarded ornaments made of gold as a symbol of divine favour. They would commission gold jewellery to be used as ancestral heirlooms, and to ascend the social ladder by displaying these heavenly treasures at celebrations.

Mamuli, usually made of gold or silver, are among the most important ornaments typically used in the exchange of gifts associated with marriages and alliances. They were worn as ear ornaments when the Sumbanese practised artificial earlobe extension, but they could also be worn as neck pendants.

Mamuli also embodied Sumbanese's dualistic belief in cosmology: heaven and earth, male and female. It takes after the shape of omega (Ω), a fertility symbol representing female genitalia; the animals at the base represent the male aspect. In lot 1027, we have two whimsical monkeys, skilfully constructed with rotatable bodies, movable heads and arms. While in lot 1070, we have water buffaloes and Sumba-native cockatoos.

Sumbanese's mamuli has become so well-known that the omega form is often referred to by its Sumbanese name mamuli across Indonesia.

India – A Burst of Colours

In the late 16th century, Mughal court goldsmiths ingeniously combined enamelling with the kundan setting technique. This sophisticated art form came to India during the Mughal invasion and has been practised in India ever since. Such lavish ornamentation is evident in a kada bangle and a 'bird' ring in this collection.

In India, the art of enamelling is known as meenakari. The word 'meenakari' means to place paradise onto an object. Jaipur artisans perfected this art form and developed their distinctive style. It is defined by the vivid red colour and the intricate designs enamelled on the back or inner surfaces of ornaments. The enamelled details remain unseen, adding hidden interest that only the wearer knew about.

In lot 1023, the inner surface of the kada bangle is exquisitely decorated with pairs of peacocks enamelled in vibrant shades of blue and green, against a floral design picked out in vivid red. While the reverse of the 'bird' ring (lot 1019) enamelled with a peacock in green, white, red and blue, echoing the front design and choice of gems – emerald, diamond and ruby.

These two pieces reveal that meenakari work requires a great deal of attention and precision. The craftsmen have to first engrave a complex design onto a small surface area, chisel off the grooves before filling in the tiny spaces with enamels. Meenakari adds greater artistic value to the piece and has a pragmatic reason behind it. It protects the high-karat gold from abrasion due to frequent skin contact, and gives the jewellery piece the rigidity necessary to keep its form.

Another known characteristic of Indian jewellery is the kundan setting technique. It is a process of setting gemstones with thin sheets of pure gold, or kundan. This sophisticated technique allows precious stones of any size or shape to be set directly into fragile enamelled surfaces.

Indian jewellery is renowned for the luxuriance of their artefacts, combined with designs of great complexity. They, such as the kada bangle, were considered objects of marvel; they were brought overseas and displayed in London at the Great International Exhibitions in the 1850s.

For a similar bangle, see one with a blue-enamelled ground, in the Victoria and Albert Museum collection, accession no. 119-1852 (https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O68463/jewellery-unknown/).

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