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Henry III, Inspeximus of a charter of King Æthelred the Unready for Abbess Heanflæd and Wherwell Abbey, Hampshire, in Latin and Anglo-Saxon, single-sheet document on vellum [Westminster, dated 26 October 1259]
Description
- Vellum
Provenance
provenance
Bought from Quaritch in 1991; Schøyen MS 1354.
Catalogue Note
text
This is the finest and earliest manuscript of Æthelred the Unready's grant of privileges and lands once owned by his mother Queen Ælfthryth, to Abbess Heanflæd and Wherwell Abbey (Sawyer, Anglo-Saxon Charters, 1968, no.904). The original grant was made in 1002, and at its base a note was appended in 1008 confirming in Anglo-Saxon a further unit of land (29 messuages) in the town of Winchester: "wintaceastre". The prefactory text here records that the original charter had become damaged and unreadable by 1259, and thus this copy was made and reissued by King Henry III (1207-72). It contains the most accurate text of any surviving manuscript of the charter and was evidently the exemplar of the fourteenth-century Wherwell Cartulary (British Library, Egerton MS.2104 A, fols.15r-16r).
The Abbey of Wherwell, near Andover, was founded as a community of nuns c.986 by Queen Ælfthryth, widow of King Edgar and mother of Æthelred the Unready. In the charter Æthelred acknowledges his mother's longstanding interest in the community, "which she possessed while she lived and strove with constant diligence to build up". She was the focus of allegations about the murder of Æthelred's half-brother and rival to the throne, King Edward the Martyr, in 978, and traditionally her grants to monasteries have been seen as attempts to atone for this crime. Despite this, she was an energetic reformer, and according to the Liber Eliensis both she and her husband King Edgar commissioned the Anglo-Saxon translation of the Rule of St. Benedict, and the preface to the Regularis Concordia names her as the "protectress and fearless guardian of the communities of nuns" (cf. Keynes, The Diplomas of King Æthelred the Unready, 1980, pp.167-74).
The Anglo-Saxon line here is: "Nygan and xx hagena syndon on wintaceastre þe hyrað into þan [ie. þæm] menstre [mynstre] mid eallon þam grihton [gerihtum] and þam witan þe þar of [þærof] arisað" ('nine and twenty pastures lie in Winchester which are subject to the minster with all the rights, and [are subject] to the leaders who arise thereof [ie. from the minster]). It offers an insight into the slow disintegration of that language after the Norman Conquest. In 1259 the text of this was clearly thought important enough to include in the original language, but a number of words were misunderstood and abbreviations were wrongly expanded. The scribe was certainly English, but clearly was no longer speaking Old English. In the thirteenth century the scholar known as the 'Tremulous Hand of Worcester' began to try and remedy this deficit, studying the cache of bilingual texts at Worcester in order to re-learn Anglo-Saxon (cf. C. Franzen, The Tremulous Hand of Worcester, 1991).
literature
W.P. Stoneman, '"Writ in Anglo-Saxon Character and of No Further Use": Anglo-Saxon Manuscripts in American Collections', in The Preservation and Transmission of Anglo-Saxon Culture, 1997, p.133