吉利斯·克萊桑 | 《救世主耶穌基督，男修道院院長羅伯特·霍爾曼在旁朝拜》

Mr Pennell;

His (anonymous) sale ('A small assemblage of Pictures of a High Class'), London, Christie's, 30 June 1832, lot 2 (as Hemmelinck), for £24.3s. to Coxe;

Samuel Jones Loyd, later 1st Baron Overstone (1796–1883), by whom acquired c. 1835 (according to the Guide to the Pictures at Lockinge House, 1928);

Thence by inheritance to his son-in-law Brigadier-General Robert Loyd-Lindsay, 1st Baron Wantage. VC, KCB, VD (1832–1901), Lockinge, Oxfordshire;

Thence by descent to the present owner.

Bruges, Provinicaal Hof, Exposition des Primitifs Flamands et d'Art Ancien, 15 June – 5 October 1902, no. 310 (as Gilles Claeis);

Birmingham, City Museum and Art Gallery, Paintings and Tapestries from Lockinge House, Wantage, 1945–52, no. 6 (as attributed to Claeis);

Bruges, Musée Communale Groenige-Bruges, L'Art Flamand dans les collections Britanniques et la Galerie Nationale de Victoria, August–September 1956, no. 48 (as Peter Claeissens the Elder);

Oxford, Ashmolean Museum, on long term loan (as Peter Claeissens the Elder).

A.G.Temple, Catalogue of the Pictures forming the Collection of Lord and Lady Wantage, 1902, pp. 8–10, cat. no. 12, reproduced (as attributed to Bellegambe or Claeis [sic]);

Guide to the Pictures at Lockinge House (A.T. Lloyd's Collection), 1928, pp. 7–9 (as attributed to Claeis [sic]);

B. Dewilde, 'Gillis Claeissens: een 'onbekende' schilder uit het zestiende-eeuws Brugge. Aanzet tot reconstructie van zijn œuvre binnen de Claeissensgroep', in Revue Belge d’archéologie et d’histoire de l’art, vol. 78, 2009, pp. 54–59;

B. Dewilde and A. van Oosterwijk, 'Puzzling Art. Reconstructing the Claeissens's œuvre: Gillis Claeissens, Portraitist to the Bruges Beau Monde', in Forgotten Masters. Pieter Pourbus and Bruges. Painting from 1525 to 1625, exhibition catalogue, Bruges, Groeningemuseum, 2017, pp. 41 n. 40, 267, reproduced fig. 24.

Robert Holman was born at Sluis near Bruges. A Cistercian, he became the 36^th Abbot of Notre Dame des Dunes in 1568. He died in 1579 and was buried in the church of the Poor Claires in Bruges. In his vision here Christ appears as Redeemer, holding the cross and an open book inscribed with Latin texts from Hebrews 2, 14: ‘..that through death he might destroy him that had the power of death’ and Revelations 5, 4: ‘…no man was found worthy to open and read the book’. With His right foot Christ tramples upon a serpent, symbol of Satan and evil. The globe at the foot of the cross symbolises His role as Salvator Mundi. Despite the small scale, Holman’s face is very finely painted, and the painter has taken the greatest care in rendering the different textures of the Abbot’s robes, the snakeskin and the body of Christ. Holman was painted again by Gillis Claeissins in 1571 in a larger half-length format today preserved in the Grootseminarie in Bruges (fig. 1). The Abbot’s slightly younger features suggest that the Bruges likeness may predate the present work.

Although relatively little is known about Gillis Claeissens today, in his own time he was highly esteemed, and is praised by two early chroniclers, Arnoldus Buchelius (1565–1641) and Antonius Sanderus (1586–1664), as having been court painter to the Archdukes Albert and Isabella in Brussels.¹ Gillis was trained in the workshop of his father Pieter Claeissens the Elder, to whom this panel was attributed until very recently. He became a Master painter in his own right in the Bruges Painters Guild on 18 October 1566. In 1572 he became a member of the archers’ Saint Sebastian Guild and in 1576, following his father’s death, he took over the running of the family workshop in the Oude Zak. In 1569, he went to Brussels to become court painter to the Archdukes Albert and Isabella, for whom he painted a Crucifixion for the court chapel in 1604.² It seems that Gillis was chiefly active as a very accomplished portrait painter. Two wings from a triptych painted for Claeys van de Kerchove and his family as an epitaph for the family tomb in the church of St Catherine in Assebroek, just outside Bruges (Szépmuvéseti Múzeum, Budapest, figs. 2a and 2b), for which a contract of 13 February 1574 survives, has enabled scholars to construct a small œuvre of related works alongside this panel and the related portrait of 1571. These include a Portrait of Joris van Brakele in a private collection, a Portrait of an unknown gentleman in the Musée du Louvre, Paris, two female portraits in private collections in London and Antwerp, and a pair of Portraits of a lady and her son in Stockholm, Hallwylska Museet.³ These portraits all share quite modest dimensions, and are painted in a refined courtly style, seemingly indebted to French models. Their sitters share slightly large eyes and distinctive hands. They suggest that Gillis enjoyed a certain vogue among well-heeled members of the Bruges gentry. The concern for detail on a small scale, above all the rendering of the costume and jewellery in each, finds ready parallels with the present work, especially with Bishop Holman’s features and his episcopal robes, and their kinship with the Budapest panels has finally allowed scholars to convincingly determine his authorship of this remarkable work.

1 A. Buchelius, Res Pictoriae, G.J. Hoogewerff and J.Q. van Regteren Altena (eds), The Hague 1928, p. 54; and A. Sandreus, Flandria Illustrata, Amsterdam 1641–44, vol. I, p. 210. Gillis is the only member of his family to be so mentioned. His fame seems to have remained constant well into the eighteenth century.

2 See also B. Dewilde, 'Gillis Claeissens: een 'onbekende' schilder uit het zestiende-eeuws Brugge. Aanzet tot reconstructie van zijn oeuvre binnen de Claeissensgroep', Revue Belge d’archéologie et d’histoire de l’art, 78, 2009, pp. 29–67. The suggestion that he may have worked for Alessandro Farnese in Parma does not seem to have any foundation.

3 Dewilde and Oosterwijk 2017, pp. 261–75, cat. nos 44, 45, 47, 48 and 49, all reproduced.