拉烏爾·杜飛 | 《聖阿德雷斯海灘》

美術協會，紐約
朱利安·I·拉斯金，紐約（1956年4月購自上述機構）
私人收藏，歐洲（家族傳承自上述藏家）
西蒙·迪金森畫廊，倫敦
現藏家2010年購自上述畫廊

巴黎，瑪摩丹美術館，〈拉烏爾與讓·杜飛：異同〉，2011年，品號8，圖錄載彩圖（題為《勒阿弗爾海灘》）

莫里斯·拉法耶，《拉烏爾·杜飛：油畫作品專題目錄》，日內瓦，1972年，第I冊，品號139，126頁載圖，127 頁載彩圖（題為《勒阿弗爾海灘》）

《拉烏爾·杜飛》（展覽圖錄），美術館，里昂；畢加索博物館，巴塞羅那，1999年，圖2，74頁載圖 （題為《勒阿弗爾海灘》）

Painted in 1906, at the height of Dufy’s Fauve period, the present work is a wonderfully vibrant image of the beach at Sainte-Adresse. Dufy claimed that the decisive turning point in his career occurred at the Salon d’Automne of 1905, where he saw Matisse’s revolutionary painting Luxe, calme et volupté. At that point, claimed Dufy, ‘I understood the new raison d’être of painting and impressionist realism lost its charm for me as I beheld this miracle of the creative imagination at play, in colour and drawing’ (quoted in Jacques Lassaigne, Dufy, New York, n.d., p. 22). Like his fellow Fauve painters, Dufy incorporated the same bright hues in his own work, but he also personalised his style by incorporating softer colours and the use of black. These colours offered a wide range of options for depicting outdoor scenes, which often featured the festivities of Bastille Day, the casino at Nice, or coastal scenes from Normandy, such as in this oil.

Although the present work has historically been known as La plage du Havre, the site depicted is, in fact, the neighbouring town of Sainte-Adresse (fig. 1). In July and August of 1906 Dufy travelled in the company of Albert Marquet along the Normandy coast, each artist exploring in his own way the expressive potential of colour and form evoked by the scenes they encountered in the popular resorts of Le Havre and Sainte-Adresse. In doing so, they were following in the footsteps of Claude Monet who, several decades earlier, was painting at Le Havre and the nearby Trouville (fig. 2). This year proved to be a seminal time in the career of the young artist: he exhibited in both the Salon des Indépendants and the Salon d’Automne, and had his first one-man show at the gallery of Berthe Weill in Paris, which heralded Dufy’s widespread recognition as an artist and marked the advent of his Fauve years.

Within the early Fauve movement, a difference could be discerned between its various protagonists. As Alvin Martin and Judi Freeman wrote: 'What distinguished the work of the Fauves from Le Havre (Dufy, Friesz and Braque) from that of Matisse and company was the treatment of surface and color. Whereas the Norman artists have been steadfastly loyal to the Impressionist approach to painting, Matisse, Derain, Vlaminck and the others borrowed extensively from the far more audacious generation that succeeded the Impressionists. The Norman Fauves found irresistible the full-blown Fauve manner of painting, characterized by highly saturated color and the laying in of brilliant tones side by side, and they inevitably responded to it in their own work, produced back in their native Normandy’ (A. Martin & J. Freeman, ‘The Distant Cousins in Normandy: Braque, Dufy and Friesz,’ in The Fauve Landscape, New York, 1990, pp. 221-222).

The artist himself said of his paintings of this period: ‘Around 1905-06, I was painting on the beach of Sainte-Adresse. I had previously painted beaches in the manner of the Impressionists, and had reached a saturation point, realizing that this method of copying nature was leading me off into infinity, with its twists and turns and its most subtle and fleeting details. I myself was standing outside the picture. Having arrived at some beach subject or other I would sit down and start looking at my tubes of paint and my brushes. How, using these things, could I succeed in conveying not what I see, but that which is, that which exists for me, my reality? […] From that day onwards, I was unable to return to my barren struggles with the elements that were visible to my gaze. It was no longer possible to show them in their external form’ (quoted in Dora Perez-Tibi, Dufy, London, 1989, pp. 22-23).

However, over and beyond the use of Fauvist colour, the present work illustrates how Dufy had begun to simplify the compositional forms of his works. Strident blocs of colour interact with the rhythms created by horizontal and diagonal elements, demonstrating Dufy's move towards a more abstracted vision of reality. This tendency might have owed something the influence of Gauguin; the 1906 Salon d'Automne had brought his work to the general public's attention, and the highly stylised approach to colour and form, with large areas covered with strong, unmodulated pigment and a flat monochrome background had a profound influence of numerous artists. The simplicity and lack of ornament in these works is a signal of the direction Dufy's art was taking in this critical period in his career.