Space Exploration

Apollo Guidance Computer Block II Apollo Guidance Computer (AGC), designed by MIT Instrumentation Lab and Manufactured by Raytheon Co, ca 1966-67 Metal housing measuring 243/8 x 121/4 x 55/8 in. (613 x 313 x 143 mm), one end labeled "THIS SIDE OUT", connector box engraved with: "CONNECTOR/ NASA N0X20023099-011/ MFD BY RAYTHEON CO/ S/N RAY 3". Opposite end of metal housing with two data ports at core-rope module bay, left port labeled "RAYTHEON/ RAY 3/ SEO 36109472", right port labeled "RAYTHEON/ RAY 3/ SEO 36109471". Metal housing opening to reveal two trays (Tray A and Tray B) containing a total of 42 modules, mostly unpotted as follows: Tray A: 24 Logic modules (A1-A7, A8II x 4, A12-A24), and 5 Interface modules (A25–26 x 2) & A27–29 x 3). Tray B: 1 Oscillator module (B7), 1 Alarm module (B8), 2 Erasable Driver modules (B9–10 x 2), 1 Current Switch module (B11), 1 Erasable Memory module (B12, potted), 2 Sense Amplifier modules (B13–14 x 2), 1 Strand Select module (B15), 2 Rope Driver modules (B16-17 x 2), and Core Rope module bay with slots for 6 Core Rope modules (replaced with two Rope Simulator Modules S/N Ray 3). Tray B with metal NASA nameplate reading: "APOLLO G & N SYSTEM/ COMPUTER/ ASSEMBLY/ PART NO. 2003100-071/ SERIAL NO. RAY 14/ CONT. NO. NAS 9-497. DESIGNED BY MIT INSTRUMENTATION LAB/ MFG BY RAYTHEON CO." OFFERED WITH: Fully functional replica DSKY, 8 x 8 x 6 in., custom built to power up the present AGC. APOLLO GUIDANCE COMPUTER USED IN LUNAR TEST ARTICLE 8 (LTA-8) VACUUM TESTING Installed on both the Command and Service Module (CSM) and the Lunar Module (LM) of the Apollo spacecrafts, the Apollo Guidance Computers (AGC) were developed to navigate the Apollo spacecraft to the Moon, guiding the Lunar Module down to the lunar surface, back up to the Command Module once finished, and back home again. Prior to the lunar landed missions, NASA wanted to test the CSM and LM in simulated space conditions, and the Lunar Test Article 8 (LTA-8), was built in 1965 by Grumman for that purpose. The testing took place in May and June of 1968, in the Manned Spacecraft Center’s thermal vacuum test chamber “B” at the Space Environment Simulation Laboratory, with the present AGC on board. LTA-8 was crewed by both Jim Irwin (who would go on to become the Lunar Module Pilot for Apollo 15) and Grumman test pilot Gerald Gibbons as well as Grumman test pilot Glennon Kingsley and Air Force Maj. Joseph Gagliano, each working shifts running anywhere from 9-12 hours at a time. Irwin particularly enjoyed the simulation testing, saying that the LTA-8 test was “almost more rewarding” than his actual trip to the lunar surface on Apollo 15. The present AGC played a pivotal role during these tests, allowing the lunar lander to eventually be approved for spaceflight. The Birth of the AGC In his address to Congress on May 25, 1961, President John F. Kennedy declared his national goal of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to Earth” before the end of the decade. With those words, President Kennedy set in motion what would become the most ambitious and challenging technological endeavor in the history of mankind. Project Apollo, birthed out of President Kennedy’s speech, presented NASA with a seemingly impossible task given the computer technology available in the 1960s. One thing was certain: this mission outstretched human capacities, requiring calculations far too complex and time-consuming for the astronauts alone to handle while in flight. As such, on August 9, 1961—just six weeks after the commencement of the Apollo program—NASA awarded the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory with its first Apollo contract to design, develop, and construct an onboard computer, later named the Apollo Guidance Computer, that would assist with the navigation, guidance, and flight control functions of the spacecraft. This choice was in large part because MIT, under the direction of laboratory head Charles Stark Draper (who the lab is know named after) and lead hardware engineer Eldon C. Hall, had a strong record in developing inertial guidance systems for the US Navy’s Polaris Missile Computer in the 1950s. Raytheon, who also played a key role in the construction of the Polaris computer, was brought on soon after to take over the manufacturing element of production. The AGC had two flight versions: Block I and Block II. Block I AGCs, MIT’s initial design, was largely influenced by the architecture of the Polaris computer and was used primarily for unmanned and early manned development flights (all relatively simple earth-orbital missions) between August 1966 and April 1968, including the unmanned Apollo 4 and 6 flights and the ill-fated Apollo 1. The Block II design maintained the original architecture of the Block I design, however, it incorporated newer technologies that addressed issues arising from experience in early unmanned flights with the Block I computer. In the end, the Block II AGCs had twice as much memory, more I/O capability, required less power, and was smaller and more reliable than the Block I computers. It was this design version that guided manned missions and that landed man on the Moon in 1969. Of Block II design, the present AGC stands as one of the 57 Block II AGCs NASA produced throughout the Apollo program. Throughout its nine-year lifetime from 1966 to 1975, the AGC flawlessly flew on over 15 manned missions, including nine flights to the Moon, all six lunar landings, three Skylab missions, and the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project mission. While it was not the first computer ever to be flown in space, the AGC did achieve several firsts for the history of space exploration and computer technology. Unlike earlier space computers, the AGC was the first onboard computer where the lives of the crew depended on it functioning properly and without ground support; it was the first computer based on silicon integrated circuit (IC) chips, enabling it become the most advanced miniature computer at the time; and it was the first completely digital fly-by-wire system. An enduring legacy, the AGCs influence extended beyond the Moon landing, serving as the basis for the computer technology used on the Space Shuttle, a space vehicle entirely controlled by the onboard computer, and on the earliest computer-controlled aircrafts. Communicating with the AGC: the DSKY While in flight, the crew communicated with the AGC through the novel user-interface system called the DSKY (pronounced “DIS-KEE”). Short for the “display and keyboard,” the DSKY display included a calculator-style keyboard for entering data, a numeric display that published the inputted data, and an array of indicator lights which alerted the view of any onboard issues or updates. Rather than typing in strings of written words, commands were manually entered in two-digit numeric codes, used to represent Verbs (the actions to be performed) and Nouns (the objects of the actions). The crew could request maneuver angles (verb 50, noun 18), monitor changes while maneuvering (verb 06, noun 84), request the change in velocity required for the next maneuver (verb 06, noun 84), among many other functions required for space navigation. Altogether, it took about 10,500 keystrokes on the DSKY to get to the Moon and back! Hardware I: IC Chips The AGC was a marvel of early computing technology: from large to small, from punch cards to microchips, from hardware to software. In an era when most computers occupied entire rooms, the AGC was uniquely small and lightweight, measuring just under one cubic foot (24 x 12.5 x 6.5 in.) and weighing only 70 pounds (32 kg). With an engineering courage that had few precedents, the MIT engineers pioneered the application of integrated circuit (IC) chips to achieve this very impressive, miniature scale. Invented just a few years earlier in 1959, the use of IC chips for the AGC was ahead of its time. In fact, the AGC was the first computer ever based on IC chips. Between 1961 and 1965, NASA’s Apollo Program was the largest single consumer of IC chips, consuming 60 percent of the IC total production in the United States during 1963 and shipping more than 100,000 ICs by 1964. With these state-of-the-art microchips, engineers were able to assemble and tightly package all the computer’s logic circuitry with a single type of logic gate, the 3-input NOR gate. While it took nearly 5,000 of these gates, as well as almost 3,000 ICs and 17,000 transistors, to complete the logic tray of a single AGC, the use of NOR gates alone allowed for a simpler, faster, and more reliable design. Hardware II: Memory As Apollo mission requirements continuously grew, so too did the need for additional memory storage within the AGC. While MIT’s original design for the AGC called for only 4K words of fixed, read-only memory (ROM) and a mere 256 words of erasable, random-access memory (RAM), the computer’s final configuration leapt to 36K words of ROM and 2K words of RAM, an increase 18 times over the original estimates for its fixed memory and 16 times over for the erasable. These quantities, still millions of times less than the memory storage of a single iPhone, allowed for just enough space for the mission-critical software. To store the software, MIT engineers adopted the use of Core Rope Memory from the original Mars probe computer in 1958. With this method, the written software was woven, literally, onto handmade rope memory, contained inside the computer’s six fixed memory modules. Needles carrying half a mile of copper wire were run through or around 512 magnetized iron cores, with each wire threaded through a ring representing a binary “1” and each wire bypassing a ring representing a “0.” Dubbed the LOL method, for “little old ladies,” the rope memory was skillfully sewn by female workers recruited from local textile factories. While the core rope technology allowed more information to be stored in less space, it was a strenuous process. Because the software data stored in the wires could not be erased, altered, or corrupted once it left the factory, the assembly of the memory modules required absolute precision. All in all, it took about eight weeks for the workers to weave the memory for a single flight computer, at a cost of $15,000 per module. Software and Margaret Hamilton The software developed for the AGC was as ingenious and integral to mission success as the cutting-edge hardware. During the 1960s, software, as a concept, was still in its infancy; written code was still being keyed onto punch cards and fed into computers in order to run a single program. However, the mission objectives for the Apollo program demanded a more advanced software, one that would be capable of handling unknown problems while in flight and flexible enough to interrupt one task and prioritize a more important one. Perhaps the most crucial aspect of the AGCs’ entire design process, software development was assigned to Margaret Hamilton, a 25-year old woman who showed promise in systems programming with her invaluable contributions to the Semi-Automatic Ground Environment program in 1960. As the first programmer to be hired for the Apollo project at MIT, Hamilton joined the ranks of the heavily male workforce for the Apollo program as a dedicated and determined leader. She captured the spirit of working on the AGC and for the Apollo program: “How fortunate I was to work with and share this experience with the many talented and dedicated people who made this possible. There was no second chance. We knew that. We took our work seriously, many of us beginning this journey while still in our 20s. Coming up with solutions and new ideas was an adventure. Dedication and commitment were a given. Mutual respect was across the board. Because software was a mystery, a black box, upper management gave us total freedom and trust. We had to find a way and we did. Looking back, we were the luckiest people in the world; there was no choice but to be pioneers.” A pioneer indeed, Hamilton and her team, which reached a peak of 350 people in 1968, developed fundamental software design principles that are still used today. Established using a combination of assembly language and an interpreted mathematical language, the final form of the AGC software featured foundational design concepts such as fly-by-wire capability, priority scheduling, human-in-the-loop decision making, and asynchronous processing, all of which were revolutionary at the time. These innovations turned out to be a mission-saving grace for Apollo 11, the historic mission that landed man on the Moon. In the moments before Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin, and Michael Collins landed on the lunar surface, the LM AGC became overloaded as a result of an improper adjustment of the rendezvous radar switch. Fortunately, because Hamilton created the AGC’s software so that it was capable of priority scheduling, the computer immediately began discarding the less important tasks occurring concurrently and focusing instead on the highest priority: guiding the LM’s descent and safely landing onto the lunar surface. Had it not been for Hamilton’s design, the landing would have been aborted and with it, no historic first step for man, no giant leap for mankind. Ultimately, the AGC was as much of a testament to innovative engineering as it was to the dedication and hard work of MIT and Raytheon employees. All in all, it took nearly 2,000 man-years to assemble and package all 30,000 individual components of the AGC’s hardware, and almost 1,400 man-years to code the necessary programs and instructions for its hardware. Sotheby's would like to thank Science & Popular Culture department intern James Pease for his invaluable assistance with the research on this lot. PROVENANCE Jimmie Wayne Loocke, former Thermal Vaccuum Test Technician in Building 32 at NASA Manned Spacecraft Center (now Johnson Space Center) LITERATURE To view video documentation of the restoration and powering up of the present lot, see: Apollo Guidance Computer Restoration: https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PL-_93BVApb59FWrLZfdlisi_x7-Ut_-w7 For an excellent account of the restoration and powering up of the present lot, see Robert Lee Hotz, "An Apollo Spacecraft Computer is Brought Back to Life", IN: The Wall Street Journal, July 14, 2019. accessed at : https://www.wsj.com/articles/an-apollo-spacecraft-computer-is-brought-back-to-life-11563152761 AC Electronics and MIT Instrumentation Laboratory Apollo Guidance & Navigation Engineering Drawings, 1969 (Box 458), accessed at: https://archive.org/details/apertureCardBox458NARASW_images/page/n1664/mode/1up?view=theater

View 1 of Lot 44: Apollo Guidance Computer

apollo guidance computer

DIRECTLY FROM THE PERSONAL COLLECTION OF APOLLO 11 LUNAR MODULE PILOT BUZZ ALDRIN

DIRECTLY FROM THE PERSONAL COLLECTION OF APOLLO 11 LUNAR MODULE PILOT BUZZ ALDRIN FLOWN APOLLO 11 FLIGHT PLAN SHEET "SPLASHDOWN" — THE CREW OF APOLLO 11 MAKES IT HOME ALIVE, FULFILLING THE GOAL SET BY PRESIDENT JOHN F. KENNEDY OF "LANDING A MAN ON THE MOON AND RETURNING HIM SAFELY TO EARTH." FLOWN sheet from the Apollo 11 Flight Plan, Part No. SKB32100080-350, S/N 1001, p. 3-134/135, printed recto & verso. NASA/MSC, July 1, 1969. 10 1/2 by 8 inches. SIGNED AND INSCRIBED BY BUZZ ALDRIN: "FLOWN TO THE MOON ON APOLLO XI. BUZZ ALDRIN. APOLLO XI LMP". With a Typed Letter Signed by BUZZ ALDRIN. "SPLASHDOWN" — THE LAST PAGE OF THE FLOWN APOLLO 11 FLIGHT PLAN. This sheet and the preceding lot (109, the first page from the Flown Apollo 11 Flight Plan, which begins with the word "LIFTOFF") are the Alpha and the Omega of the FLOWN Apollo 11 Flight Plan, the manual used by the Apollo 11 Crew to guide them on mankind's greatest journey. This sheet details the crucial timeline of activities to be performed during the final two hours of the mission including jettisoning the Service Module, and re-entry into Earth's atmosphere, travelling at a speed of 36,000 feet per second, before finally splashing down in the Pacific Ocean, where the crew and the Command Module "Columbia" were recovered by the USS Hornet. BUZZ ALDRIN’S letter reads in part: “This certificate of authenticity certifies that the accompanying Page 3-134/135 from the Apollo 11 Flight Plan, Part No. SKB32100080-350, S/N 101 was flown to the Moon and used aboard the Command Module "Columbia." On July 24, 1969, the crew of Apollo 11 was on the verge of returning to Earth after its first humans walked upon the surface of the Moon at "Tranquility Base." Thus, completing the late President John F. Kennedy's challenge to America to "…commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth." During our lunar voyage, we were guided by our flight plan, which contained a timeline with instructions as to our tasks during each phase of the mission. Page 3-134/135 is the last page of the Apollo 11 mission timeline. This page represents the timing of our final tasks of the flight ending with our safe splashdown in the Pacific Ocean at 12:49 pm EDT. The two pages numbered 3-134 and 3-135 shown on the leaf represent the last hour and forty-nine minutes of our mission. By this point, we were traveling 17,322 feet per second, and we were 11,463 miles from Earth. We had several tasks to perform in that last hour to land safely. One of the first chores to perform was for Mike to start the primary and secondary evaporators. The evaporators would be needed after the service module (SM) had been jettisoned to continue to cool the command module. They boiled water warmed by the spacecraft's interior heat and vent it out into space. We warmed up the Reaction Control Systems (RCS), we checked the amperage on the pyrotechnic battery that would fire the explosive bolts to separate the SM from our command module (CM) and wrote down the Pre-Advisory Data (PAD) for our entry. We uploaded are revised spacecraft attitude from mission control to the CM guidance computer. This data would point us in the proper direction so we would enter the Earth's atmosphere at the correct angle. The Entry Monitor System (EMS) was loaded with data for the PAD and started. Our re-entry to Earth had now begun. The Apollo Guidance Computer started our re-entry procedure with P61, the entry preparation which measured our CM's acceleration (we would hit the atmosphere at 36,000 feet per second) as well as review all data that had been loaded in the last PAD update. Next would come P62, which performed the CM and SM separation maneuver. At that point, Mike, who was now lying in the left couch, maneuvered the CM into the re-entry attitude. Now flying at our highest rate of speed at a little over 36,000 per second (the same speed at which we escaped Earth's gravitational pull on the way to the Moon). As our CM started to intersect with the high reaches of the upper atmosphere and we started to build up G-forces, our computer switched to the entry programs. We were now dropping back into Earth's atmosphere on our way to splashdown, which was still over a thousand miles away. We have turned to the last page in the flight plan, page 3-135, and we followed the tasks as we flew "Columbia" to our landing point. Page 3-135 lists all the steps and times that we would go through until the end of the flight. At 400,000 feet in altitude, we would start to feel the effects of deacceleration in the force of "G's." Within 90 seconds we would hit our maximum g-forces on our bodies during the descent. The P64 program handled the spacecraft's re-entry as it continued its flight through the atmosphere in a flight path that would carry us over a thousand miles from where we entered the atmosphere to the landing area. Once we had slowed down to suborbital velocity, our computer switched to the final program of the flight, P67. We regained our communications link with Houston after the ionizing blackout. Finally, the drogue chutes deployed. At 10,000 feet above the ocean, our three main parachutes deployed, and we started our final descent to the vicinity of the recovery forces. At 12:49 pm EDT, we impacted the surface of the Pacific Ocean. The final line on the page gives the planned Earth entry angle of 6.5 degrees, the Lift over Drag ratio (L/D) of the spacecraft of .295 (the L/D ratio for a Boeing 747 is 15). We passed through the Entry Interface traveling at 36,195 feet per second, and our predicted distance to our splashdown point was 1,285 miles. In reality, due to stormy weather at our original landing point, we had to fly just over 1,400 miles from our atmospheric entry point to splashdown. That was the furthest distance that any Apollo CM ever flew, and we landed less than two miles from our predicted landing point. In 2012, Congress allowed Apollo Era astronauts to keep disposable items like the Apollo 11 Flight Plan from their mission as personal mementos. This historic page has remained a treasured part of my private space collection for 50 years, ever since NASA presented it to me after my return from the Moon in 1969. This Flight Plan page numbered 3-134/135 is one of the few objects used in lunar orbit and is also a rare example of an astronaut flight certified object used on the first landing on the Moon." REFERENCE NASA. Apollo 11 Stowage List. Mission AS 506 CM 107/LM-5. Houston: Manned Spacecraft Center, July 15, 1969, page 2. See related lot 106, the FLOWN Apollo 11 Boost Cover Release label, salvaged from the Command Module "Columbia" after splashdown.

[apollo 11]. "splashdown" — the flown final page of the apollo 11 flight plan, directly from buzz aldrin

[Raytheon] Fixed Memory Module Apollo Guidance Computer Fixed Memory Module-B2 measuring 9.9 x 4.25 inches, engraved with “NASA 2003972-271/ MFD by Raytheon Co., S/N RAY 166,” affixed to wooden base measuring 15 x 11.6 inches. Metal plaque also affixed to base reads: “GEORGE E MUELLER / MEMORY/ IT WAS A GREAT TRIP / 4 DEC. ‘69 J.F.S.”

[apollo program]

SATURN V & SATURN IB/ APOLLO FIRING ROOM CONTROL PANELS

SATURN V & SATURN IB/ APOLLO FIRING ROOM CONTROL PANELS USED TO LAUNCH THE SATURN V ROCKET FROM THE KENNEDY SPACE CENTER FIRING ROOM 1, LAUNCHING 7 APOLLO MISSIONS, INCLUDING THE THREE MOST HISTORIC: APOLLO 8 (FIRST HUMANS TO ORBIT THE MOON), APOLLO 11 (FIRST HUMANS TO LAND ON THE MOON), AND APOLLO 17 (LAST HUMANS TO LAND ON THE MOON) A collection of 20 original Apollo Firing Room Control Panels from the Kennedy Space Center Firing Rooms 1 & 3, which launched the Saturn V and Saturn IB rockets, carrying Apollo 4 (unmanned), and the crews of Apollo 8, 10, 11, 13, 15, 16, 17, Skylabs 2, 3, & 4, and ASTP (Apollo-Soyuz Test Project). The majority of the consoles come from Area B, which housed the primary test, checkout, monitoring, and control functions, with a few from Area A, which was the location for the consoles that provided information necessary for the supervision of the test and launch process. Area B was divided into 5 rows, A-E, while area A was divided into 4 areas, A-D. The collection consists of: Seven (7) Monitoring Console Panels, used to display information pertaining to countdown & launch sequence events; Two (2) panels from the Instrument Unit, which contained the guidance and monitoring equipment for the rockets while in flight; Five (5) console panels for the S-IC, the first stage of the Saturn V Rocket; Two (2) console panels for the S-II, the second stage of the Saturn V (and used for the S-IB first stage of the Saturn IB); Four (4) console panels for the S-IVB, the third stage of the Saturn V (and second stage of the Saturn IB), all as follows: Seven (7) Monitoring Console Panels, used to display information pertaining to countdown & launch sequence events; Two (2) panels from the Instrument Unit, which contained the guidance and monitoring equipment for the rocket while it was in flight; Five (5) console panels for the S-IC, the first stage of the Saturn V Rocket; Two (2) console panels for the S-II, the second stage of the Saturn V; Four (4) console panels for the S-IVB, the third stage of the Saturn V, all as follows: MONITORING CONSOLE PANELS: 1. [Control Keyboard] Status Lights/Command Functions/Editing Panel. [Area/Row BD] (16 ¾ x 13 ¾ x 4 ¾ inches). 2. Countdown Clock 1 [For timing the S-IC first stage]. ETR FY inventory stickers, red label reading “Property of USA/PAN/AM/ASD. 08 (606)-68-C-004” [Area A] 3. Countdown Clock 2. [For timing the S-II second stage]. ETR FY inventory stickers, red label reading “Property of USA/PAN/AM/ASD. 08 (606)-68-C-004” [Area A] (coupled together with item 2 above, together measuring 14 ½ x 20 ¼ x 7 ¼ inches.) 4. Countdown Clock 3 [For timing the S-IVB third stage]. ETR FY inventory stickers, partial red label reading “Property [illegible, but: of USA/PAN/AM/ASD. 08 (606)-68-C-0040]” [Area A] 5. Range Time. [For timing overall launch time]. ETR FY inventory stickers, red label reading “Property of USA/PAN/AM/ASD. 08 (606)-68-C-0040” [Area A] (coupled together with item 3 above, together measuring 14 ½ x 20 ¼ x 7 ¼ inches.) 6. Test Supervisor Assembly. NASA console tag: “NASA GEORGE C. MARSHALL SPACE FLIGHT CENTER US. TEST SUPERVISOR ASSEMBLY.ASSY NO: AOM10136. CONTROL NO: NASW-410. SERIAL NO. 0004. ACCEPT DATE: 5-66. MFD BY: E. CO., DAYTONA BEACH.” NASA-KSC inventory sticker, modification labels. [Area/Row AB, Rack 8] (19 x 10 ½ x 7 inches.) 7. Events Display. NASA console tag: “NASA GEORGE C. MARSHALL SPACE FLIGHT CENTER US. EVENTS DISPLAY PANEL. ASSY NO.: 40M09762-21. CONTR NO.: NAS-W-410. SERIAL NO.: 0041. MFD BY: SPACO FOR G.E.” Contractor label: “McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Company”; NASA-KSC inventory sticker, testing, and inspection labels. [Area/Row BA, Rack 9] (19 x 17 ½ x 19 ½ inches.) INSTRUMENT UNIT PANELS 8. Guidance Computer Panel. NASA console tag: “NASA GEORGE C. MARSHALL SPACE FLIGHT CENTER US. GUIDANCE COMPUTER.ASSY NO.: 50m36495-11. CONTR NO. NAS-W-410. SERIAL NO. 0002. MFD BY: CPC FOR GE.” Testing, inspection, & modification labels. [Area/Row BC, Rack 11] (19 x 12 ½ x 19 ½ inches.) 9. I[nstrument]U[nit] Operations. NASA console tag: “NASA GEORGE C. MARSHALL SPACE FLIGHT CENTER US. IU OPERATIONS ASSEMBLY. ASSY NO. 40M10187-3. CONTR NO.: NASW-410. SERIAL NO.: 0005. ACCEPT DATE: 4-66.” Red label reading: “1103A4A1”, NASA-KSC inventory stickers, modification labels, inspection stamps. [Area B] (19 x 5 ¼ x 6 ½ inches.) S-IC CONSOLE PANELS 10. S-IC Hydraulics.NASA console tag: “NASA GEORGE C. MARSHALL SPACE FLIGHT CENTER US. S-IC HYDRAULIC ASSY. ASSY NO.: 40M07484-3. CONTR NO.: NAS-W-410. SERIAL NO.: 0003. MFD BY: HAYES FOR GE.” Contractor label: “Boeing NASA 5608”, NASA-KSC inventory sticker, modification and inspection labels. KSC Disposition sticker: “Area/Row BA, Rack 01, Disposition 5”. (19 x 12 x 19 1/2 inches.) 11. S-IC Ground Pneumatics. NASA console tag: “NASA GEORGE C. MARSHALL SPACE FLIGHT CENTER US. SIC PNEUMATICS PANEL. ASSY NO.: 40M07409-5, SERIAL NO.: 0004. MOD NO. 40M59910. MEAS NO. 601-113.”Modification and inspection labels, NASA-KSC inventory stickers. Contractor label: “Boeing NASA 5608.” KSC Disposition sticker: “Area/Row BA, Rack 04, Disposition 5”. (19 x 8 /2 x 19 1/2 inches.) 12. S-IC Engine Deflection.NASA console tag: “NASA GEORGE C. MARSHALL SPACE FLIGHT CENTER US. S1C ENGINE DEFLECTION PANEL. ASSY NO.: 40M04784-5. CONTR NO.: NAS-W-410. SERIAL NO.: 0005. MFD BY: EBSCO FOR G.E.” Modification and testing labels, NASA-KSC and IBM inventory and surplus stickers. [Area/Row BD, Rack 11] (19 x 14 x 19 1/2 inches). 13. S-IC Cutoff Sensors.NASA console tag: “NASA GEORGE C. MARSHALL SPACE FLIGHT CENTER US. S-1C CUTOFF SENSORS. R/D 602-106A5. ASSY NO.: 40M10544-7. CONTR NO.: 02675-1. SERIAL NO. 0003.” Modifications and location labels, NASA-KSC inventory label. [Area/Row BA, Rack 14] (19 x 12 1/4 x 19 1/2 inches). 14. S-IC Fuel System.NASA console tag “NASA GEORGE C. MARSHALL SPACE FLIGHT CENTER US. S-1C FUEL PANEL. ASSY NO.: 40M07646-9. CONTR NO.: NAS-W-410. SERIAL NO.: 0004. MFD BY: ASD/NSO HUNTSVILLE.” Modifications, testing, and inspection labels. Contractor label: “Boeing NASA 5608”, NASA-KSC inventory and surplus labels. KSC Disposition sticker: “Area/Row BA, Rack 6, Disposition 5”. (19 x 17 1/2 x 19 1/2 inches). S-II CONSOLE PANELS 15. S-II Engine Deflection Assembly.NASA console tag: “NASA GEORGE C. MARSHALL SPACE FLIGHT CENTER US. S-II ENGINE DEFLECTION ASSEMBLY. ASSY NO.: 40M04781-5. CONTR NO.: NAS-W-410. SERIAL NO.: 0004. MFD BY: EPSCO FOR G.E.” Modifications and testing labels, black label reading “OIS/C2FE”, NASA-KSC and IBM inventory labels. KSC Disposition sticker: “Row BD, Rack 17, Disposition 5”. (19 x 12 1/4 x 19 1/2 inches) 16. S-II Recirculation. NASA console tag: “NASA GEORGE C. MARSHALL SPACE FLIGHT CENTER US. S-II RECIRCULATION ASSEMBLY. ASSY NO.: 40M08616-5. CONTR NO.: NASW-410.SERIAL NO: 0004. MFD BY: G.E. CO. DAYTONA BEACH. ACCEPT DATE: 3-66.” Modifications, testing and calibration labels, NASA-KSC inventory labels. KSC Disposition sticker: “Area/Row BA, Rack [illegible], Disposition [illegible]”. (19 x 12 1/4 x 19 1/2 inches). S-IVB CONSOLE PANELS 17. S-IVB APS Launch and Monitor. NASA console tag: “NASA GEORGE C. MARSHALL SPACE FLIGHT CENTER US. S-IVB LAUNCH AND MONITOR ASSY.ASSY NO. 40M10218-23. MOD NO. J. CONTR NO. NASW 410. SERIAL NO.: 002 MFD BY: G.E. CO DAYTONA BEACH. “Modifications, testing, and maintenance labels, NASA-KSC inventory labels. KSC Disposition sticker: “Area/Row BB, Rack 16, Disposition 5”. (19 x 17 1/2 x 19 1/2 inches). 18. S-IVB GH/GN Control. NASA console tag: “NASA GEORGE C. MARSHALL SPACE FLIGHT CENTER US. S-IVB GH/GN CONTROL ASSEMBLY. ASSY NO.: 40MO9298-11. CONTR NO.: NASW-410. SERIAL NO. 0005.MFD BY: G.E. COMPANY, DAYTONA BEACH. ACCEPT DATE: 5-66.” Contractor label: “McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Company”, NASA-KSC inventory sticker, modifications, maintenance, testing, and operational check labels. [Area/Row BB, Rack 18] (19 x 17 1/2 x 19 1/2 inches). 19. S-IVB Engine Deflection. NASA console tag: “NASA GEORGE C. MARSHALL SPACE FLIGHT CENTER US. ENGINE DEFLECTION.ASSY NO. 40M05710-11. CONTR NO.: NASW-410. SERIAL NO.: 0004. MFD BY: EPSCO FOR G.E.” Modifications, testing, and NASA-KSC and IBM inventory labels. KSC Disposition sticker: “Area/Row BD, Rack 15, Disposition 5”. (19 x 12 x 19 1/2 inches). 20. S-IVB Stage Pressure. NASA console tag: “NASA GEORGE C. MARSHALL SPACE FLIGHT CENTER US. 602-406A7. ASSY NO.: 40M09113.CONTR NO.: 1B72394 BC. SERIAL NO.: 0002. MFD BY: GENERAL ELECTRIC. ACCEPT DATE: 10/16/3”. Modifications and maintenance labels, NASA-KSC inventory labels. KSC Disposition sticker: “Area/Row BB, Rack 21, Disposition 5”. Yellow Serviceable Materiel tag dated 1983. (19 x 17 1/2 x 19 1/2 inches). THE CONTROL PANELS USED TO LAUNCH THE SATURN V & SATURN IB ROCKETS, CARRYING 8 APOLLO MISSIONS, INCLUDING APOLLO 8 (THE FIRST HUMANS TO ORBIT THE MOON), APOLLO 11 (THE FIRST HUMANS TO LAND ON THE MOON), APOLLO 13 (THE CREW THAT ALMOST DIDN'T RETURN), AND APOLLO 17 (THE LAST HUMANS TO LAND ON THE MOON), AS WELL AS 3 SKYLAB MISSIONS, AND ASTP. The John F. Kennedy Space Center (KSC) is one of ten NASA field centers, and has been, since December 1969, NASA’s primary launch center for human spaceflight. It is the location of Launch Complex 39, built for the awesome Saturn V rocket, the largest and most powerful operational launch vehicle ever built. Launch Complex 39 has been used to launch every single human spaceflight, including all 6 Apollo manned lunar landing missions, Skylab, ASTP, and the Space Shuttle program. The Launch Control Center for Launch Complex 39 contains 4 Firing Rooms, with the first 3 having been built out during the Apollo program. Firing Room 1 was the first of the rooms to be equipped, and after the launch of the unmanned Apollo 4 (AS-501) in November 1967, it went on to control the launches of Apollo 8, 11, 13, 15, 16, and 17. Apollos 9, 12, and 14 were launched out of Firing Room 2, and Apollo 10, Skylabs 2, 3, & 4, and ASTP out of Firing Room 3. After the Apollo program, Firing Room 1 went on to control the first launch of the Space Shuttle, with Columbia’s maiden flight on April 12, 1981. In 2006, it was re-named the “Young-Crippen Firing Room”, in honor of the crew of STS-1. The Saturn V and Saturn IB hardware, including all stages of the rocket, and the control panels, were built at the George C. Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) in Huntsville, Alabama, under the supervision of the master architect of the American Space Program, Wernher von Braun. They were then then shipped down for Launch at Kennedy Space Center. The first lunar landing was one of the greatest group efforts in the history of mankind, with NASA and its various contractors employing over 400,000 people. 440 of these employees manned the consoles of the firing room during each Apollo launch, with another 60 in the Operations and Checkout building at Kennedy Space Center. The prime contractors for the various stages manned the consoles for their stages, with Boeing covering the S-IC, Rockwell the S-II, and Douglas the S-IVB. REFERENCE See related lot 109, the first page from the FLOWN Apollo 11 Flight Plan, beginning with the word "LIFTOFF", which was accomplished using these control panels. PROVENANCE Ex Estate of NASA Electrical Design Engineer Charles Bell; surplussed and de-accessed by NASA

[apollo program]. saturn v & saturn ib/ apollo firing room control panels

ORIGINALLY FROM THE PERSONAL COLLECTION OF APOLLO 11 LUNAR MODULE PILOT BUZZ ALDRIN

ORIGINALLY FROM THE PERSONAL COLLECTION OF APOLLO 11 LUNAR MODULE PILOT BUZZ ALDRIN FLOWN APOLLO 11 FLIGHT PLAN SHEET A STAR CHART USED DURING THE FLIGHT FLOWN sheet from the Apollo 11 Flight Plan, Part No. SKB32100080-201, S/N 1001, figure 9.2-5, printed on recto only, 10 1/2 by 8 inches. NASA/Manned Spacecraft Center, July 1, 1969. SIGNED AND INSCRIBED BY BUZZ ALDRIN: "CARRIED TO THE MOON ON APOLLO XI. BUZZ ALDRIN." With a Typed Letter Signed by BUZZ ALDRIN using his personal stationary. ONE OF THE FEW PRINTED CELESTIAL NAVIGATION AIDS TO BE CARRIED ON THE APOLLO 11 MISSION. This star chart played a key role in ensuring the safety of the Apollo 11 crew, as it allowed them to verify their lunar trajectory and update their guidance computer after their second Mid Course Correction engine burn, putting them on the correct path back home to Earth after their historic first lunar landing. BUZZ ALDRIN'S letter reads: "Enclosed with this letter is a sheet that was added to the Apollo 11 Flight Plan, Part No. SKB32100080-350, S/N 1001 prior to launch which is labeled: 'Figure 9.2-5. - Scanning telescope - PTC altitude - (g.e.t. = 26:00:00)." It was inserted just after page 3-18 and 3-18a of this manual and is part of the entire document that was carried to the Moon in Command Module Columbia on the first lunar landing mission during July 16 to 24, 1969. Our flight plan scheduled a MCC2 of Mid Course Correction engine burn number 2 at about 26 hours into the mission. Burns of this type were planned to refine our trajectory to and from the Moon. This was a SPS (Service Propulsion System) engine burn of approximately 3 seconds and changed our projected pericynthion of 175 nautical miled to approximately 60 nautical miles when both Columbia and Eagle passed behind the Moon prior to going into lunar orbit. This sheet illustrates six different star pattern views that were visible through our scanning telescope at 26 hours Ground Elapsed Time (GET) while we were in PTC or Passive Thermal Control . PTC was simply a rotation of our docked CSM/LM combination along a common axis to keep an even distribution of temperatures on our vehicles which were being heated by the sun. these start chart patterns allowed Neil Armstrong, Mike Collins, and myself to verify our lunar trajectory and update our guidance computer at that time. The flight plan was probably the single most important document related to the success of our mission. It provided a time schedule of crew activities and spacecraft maneuvers to accomplish the first lunar landing. This page has been in my private collection since 1969. I have written: "Carried to the Moon on Apollo XI" and signed it along the bottom of the page..." REFERENCE NASA. Apollo 11 Stowage List. Mission AS 506 CM 107/LM-5. Houston: Manned Spacecraft Center, July 15, 1969, page 82

[apollo 11]. flown apollo 11 flight plan sheet - a star chart used during the flight, signed & inscribed by aldrin

DIRECTLY FROM THE PERSONAL COLLECTION OF APOLLO 11 LUNAR MODULE PILOT BUZZ ALDRIN FLOWN APOLLO 11 FLIGHT PLAN SHEET "LIFTOFF" — THE BEGINNING OF THE FIRST MISSION TO LAND ON THE MOON FLOWN sheet from the Apollo 11 Flight Plan, Part No. SKB32100080-350, S/N 1001, pp. 3-1/2, printed recto & verso. NASA/MSC, July 1, 1969. 10 1/2 by 8 inches. SIGNED AND INSCRIBED BY BUZZ ALDRIN: "FLOWN TO THE MOON ON APOLLO XI. BUZZ ALDRIN. APOLLO XI LMP." With a Typed Letter Signed by BUZZ ALDRIN. "LIFTOFF" —THE FIRST PAGE OF THE FLOWN APOLLO 11 FLIGHT PLAN. This sheet and the following lot (110 - the final page from the Flown Apollo 11 Flight Plan, which ends with the word "SPLASHDOWN") are the Alpha and the Omega of the FLOWN Apollo 11 Flight Plan. The present sheet details the crucial timeline of activities to be performed by the crew during the first two hours from moment 0:00, after Mission Control's "Good luck, and Godspeed", when Mission Commander Neil Armstrong, Lunar Module Pilot Buzz Aldrin, and Command Module Pilot Michael Collins were launched into space by the awesome Saturn V Rocket, and hurtled on their way to accomplish mankind's greatest achievement. BUZZ ALDRIN’S letter reads in part: “This certificate of authenticity certifies that the accompanying Page 3-1/2 from the Apollo 11 Flight Plan, Part No. SKB32100080-350, S/N 101 was flown to the Moon and used aboard the Command Module "Columbia." On July 16th, 1969, Neil Armstrong, Mike Collins and I lifted off from Pad 39A at the John F. Kennedy Space Center on our journey to perform humankind's first landing on the Moon at the Sea of Tranquility. During our lunar voyage, we were guided by our flight plan, which contained a timeline with instructions as to our tasks during each phase of the mission. Page 3-1/2 of the Apollo 11 Flight Plan starts with our liftoff to the Moon at 09:32 am EDT. This first page of the Flight Plan represents the launch of the 1st planned crewed landing on the Moon. The page starts the entire flight plan with the word, "LIFTOFF" at 0:00 Ground Elapsed Time (GET). This page represents the beginning of our mission to land on the Moon. At 00:10 GET (or 10 minutes) into the mission, the page shows the term "SECO" which stands for Second Engine Cut Off. "SECO" means that the final rocket engine boosting us into Space has shut down, and we were on orbit around the Earth (Our SECO was at 11:42 minutes into the flight). Once on orbit, the page shows our first tasks of the trip. As I was in the center couch, my job was to check the command and service modules' (CM/SM) Reaction Control System (RCS) gauges as well as the Caution & Warning Light panel (C&W) to confirm that each system was operational. Mike (Collins) was to move to the Lower Equipment Bay (LEB) to check our Oxygen flow, do a check of our radiator leak check, and to prepare to align our navigation system (IMU). While Mike and I unstowed our Hasselblad 70mm Cameras for use in Earth orbit, Neil (Armstrong) was setting up the 16mm Data Acquisition Camera (DAC or SEQ CAMERA) as well as the ORDEAL (Orbital Rate Display Earth and Lunar) unit. All these chores took place in the first 30 minutes of our time in Earth Orbit. Approximately 40 minutes after initial liftoff, Mike was to perform a "P52." P52 was a significant realignment of the Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU). By looking at specific stars, we were able to make any corrections to our guidance system that may have occurred due to the vibration and G-forces generated during our ride on the Saturn V into orbit. On the reverse of the page, page 3-2, shows tasks that we needed to complete to prepare for Trans Lunar Insertion (TLI) and the beginning of our journey out to the Moon. Our navigation tasks complete, we had to prepare to TLI and Transposition, Docking, and Extraction (TD&E) of the lunar module. Mike finished the P52 and established a State Vector (Spacecraft attitude and direction in Space). We also transferred the State Vector information from the CM "Columbia" to our LM "Eagle" The "Notes" section on the page states that the ground will send us their state vector computation used in the CM and that information transmitted to the LM via a computer command. We hot fired the RCS to make sure that the maneuvering rockets on the CM functioned properly, put back on our helmets and gloves, tested the Entry Monitoring System (EMS) which would tell us any change in velocity of our spacecraft stack during TLI and TD&E as we flew on our rendezvous with the Moon. As can be seen, we accomplished a lot during our first two hours in Space. In 2012, Congress allowed Apollo Era astronauts to keep disposable items like the Apollo 11 Flight Plan from their mission as personal mementos. This historic page has remained a treasured part of my private space collection for 50 years, ever since NASA presented it to me after my return from the Moon in 1969. This Flight Plan page numbered 3-1/2 is one of the few objects used in lunar orbit and is also a rare example of an astronaut flight certified object used on the first landing on the Moon." REFERENCE NASA. Apollo 11 Stowage List. Mission AS 506 CM 107/LM-5. Houston: Manned Spacecraft Center, July 15, 1969, page 2. See related lot 105, a collection of 20 of the Control Panels used to launch Apollo 11, from the Kennedy Space Center Firing Room 1

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