A JIAN RUSSET-STREAKED 'NOGIME TEMMOKU' BOWL SOUTHERN SONG DYNASTY

well potted with a conical body rising from a straight foot to a gently flared rim, unctuously covered with a lustrous black glaze with russet 'hare's fur' streaks running down from the rim, the glaze thinning at the rim and stopping short of the foot with three bulges and revealing the dark brown stoneware body

Collection of Rolf Cunliffe (1899-1963), 2nd Baron Cunliffe of Headley (no. T6).
Bonhams London, 11th November 2002, lot 40.

The piece is in good condition, with just insignificant polishing to the surface of one of the three drops.
"In response to your inquiry, we are pleased to provide you with a general report of the condition of the property described above. Since we are not professional conservators or restorers, we urge you to consult with a restorer or conservator of your choice who will be better able to provide a detailed, professional report. Prospective buyers should inspect each lot to satisfy themselves as to condition and must understand that any statement made by Sotheby's is merely a subjective, qualified opinion. Prospective buyers should also refer to any Important Notices regarding this sale, which are printed in the Sale Catalogue.
NOTWITHSTANDING THIS REPORT OR ANY DISCUSSIONS CONCERNING A LOT, ALL LOTS ARE OFFERED AND SOLD AS IS" IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE CONDITIONS OF BUSINESS PRINTED IN THE SALE CATALOGUE."

The unprecedented enthusiasm for tea drinking in the Song dynasty (960-1279) brought about a tea culture that contributed to the development of various new ceramic tea wares. White and celadon-glazed tea bowls were replaced in popularity by black-glazed wares, whose dark surfaces provided a more dramatic backdrop for the white froth of the whipped tea. In Chalu [Record of Tea], written between 1049 and 1053, the leading calligrapher and tea connoisseur Cai Xiang (1012-1067) notes in the section devoted to ‘Tea Bowls’ (chazhan) that if “the tea is of a pale colour, a black bowl is the best match. Bowls fired in the Jian kilns have a bluish black colour with stringy décor like hare’s fur (tuhao). The somewhat thicker bowl preserves the heat and cools slowly after having been warmed. These bowls are therefore very much in demand” (Soon-Chim Jung, ‘The Significance and Influence of the Tea Culture of the Song Dynasty’, The Monochrome Principle. Lacquerware and Ceramics of the Song and Qing Dynasties, Munster, 2008, p. 117). The Huizong Emperor (r. 1100-1126), one of China’s greatest imperial art lovers, agreed with Cai’s views and in his treatise on tea, Daguan chalun [Discourse on tea in the Daguan reign period] written in 1107, noted that the best black bowls have the hare’s fur pattern (ibid.).

The Japanese word temmoku (or tenmoku) designates the Chinese Tianmu mountains in Lin’an county, north Zhejiang province, where Jian hare’s fur (Japanese nogime) bowls, made in the neighbouring province of Fujian, were in use for tea drinking by the monastic communities who lived there. Consumption of tea was an established practice in Buddhist monasteries, as tea was prized as a stimulant in assisting monks in their meditation, as well as being ritually offered to the Buddha. When Japanese monks brought the black Jian tea bowls to Japan together with the cult of tea, they were adopted with enthusiasm.

The present bowl is notable for its glossy glaze and the evenness of the russet-coloured hare’s fur pattern, which untypically covers most of the bowl. It is further remarkable for its steep conical shape resting on a very narrow foot, which makes this bowl more elegant than the typical, more rustic tea bowls from the Jian kilns with more rounded sides and a wider foot, or of conical shape but much larger. Bowls of this form are rare, as can be seen when comparing the many line drawings of temmoku bowls published in Tōbutsu temmoku [Import commodity ‘temmoku’], Chadō Shiryōkan, Kyoto, 1994, passim, where a bowl of related proportions, but somewhat larger and with the glaze retaining more black, preserved in the Tokugawa family and now in the Tokugawa Art Museum, Nagoya, is illustrated, pl. 11. A bowl with russet hare’s fur streaks similarly predominating, but of the more classic Jian tea bowl form, in the Capital Museum, Beijing, is published in Zhongguo taoci quanji [Complete series on Chinese ceramics], Shanghai, 1999-2000, vol. 8, pl. 206.

Lord Cunliffe was one of England’s most important collectors of Chinese works of art, who started in the early 1940s to collect Qing dynasty jades, soon followed by ceramics, archaic bronzes and early jades. His collection included many famous treasures, including no less than three blue-and-white Chenghua ‘palace bowls’. A large part of his collection was sold at Sotheby’s London, the present bowl at Bonham’s London.