- 92
Cavalier en ivoire, Yoruba, Nigeria, XVIIe - XVIIIe siècle
Description
- Yoruba
- Cavalier en ivoire
- elephant's ivory
- haut. 16,5 cm
- 6 1/2 in
Provenance
Exhibited
Literature
Catalogue Note
Comme pour la plupart des figures équestres, le cheval est d'une importance secondaire au sein de la composition et, en dépit de son symbole de prestige, il est proportionnellement beaucoup plus petit que le cavalier. La puissance de la sculpture se concentre dans la représentation de la tête du cavalier, dont les yeux dépourvus de pupilles semblent regarder au loin, et dont la force est accrue par les paupières crantées, la rigueur des lignes frontales et la saillie de la mâchoire prognathe. L'importance de la tête est renforcée par la ligne ample s'étirant d'un bord à l’autre de la coiffe, en passant par la bouche. La signification exacte de cette ligne, qui n'est présente que sur cette œuvre et celle du musée de Dallas, demeure incertaine. Selon Walker, il pourrait s'agir soit de la représentation d'un type de scarifications propre aux Yoruba Ijebu-Ode (Walker, idem, 270) - mais sur les bronzes Ijebu, ces nervures ne masquent en général pas les oreilles, comme c'est le cas ici, ni ne passent par la bouche - soit d'un bâillon « faisant écho à la bride incurvée de la monture » (ibid). Les trois personnages portent une coiffe caractéristique au bord indenté, dont il est aussi possible que la nervure représente la jugulaire.
Si la tête concentre la puissance de la sculpture, l'artiste a également porté une attention particulière aux riches détails des vêtements et de la parure, très rafinés, du cavalier. Ce dernier porte une épée et un bouclier à la ceinture, sur sa gauche, tandis qu’il tient dans sa main droite ce qui semble être des vestiges de rênes. Son costume ouvragé, ainsi que sa coiffure caractéristique évoquent « les insignes de chefs chasseur-guerrier » du palais d'Oyo (Pemberton 1982, p. 94). Ces personnages importants étaient chargés d'organiser les chasseurs en groupes de guerriers, et ils agissaient parfois comme messagers au nom du roi (ibid.)
Pemberton précise que l'usage qui était fait de la statue de la collection Frum « reste très incertain » (ibid.), mais rappelle l'hypothèse de Wande Abimola selon laquelle « il s'agissait peut être du symbole d'une charge, porté par un officier du palais à Oyo » (ibid.). Lawal suggère que la statue « faisait peut-être partie de l'équipement d'un guerrier ou d'un chef important » (2012, p.131). Il ajoute que celle-ci aurait eu deux fonctions : « matérialiser le haut rang du propriétaire […] et lui insuffler les qualités des animaux qui la constituent », alliant « la puissance et la majestuosité de l'éléphant à la vigueur et à la célérité du cheval » (ibid).
Yoruba ivory equestrian figure, Nigeria
Equestrian figures in wood appear frequently in Yoruba art, occurring on staffs and masks, as the supports for divination bowls, and as free-standing figures on altars devoted to deities. Whilst in general the depiction of horses denotes prestige, power and wealth, even more prestigious are equestrian figures in ivory, a material greatly revered amongst the Yoruba for its association with royalty and with the elephant, itself ‘a symbol of prestige and sovereignty’ (Lawal 2012: 26). Equestrian figures in ivory are rare indeed, and amongst the corpus of such works this figure bears particularly close comparison with the figures in the Frum collection (see Lawal 2012: pl. 9) and the Dallas Museum of Art (Acc. No. 1994.197.McD; see Walker 2010: 268-271). All three are of similar size (virtually identical here and on the Dallas figure), and are close enough in conception and execution to suggest a common area of origin. Pemberton (1982) and Lawal (2012) have identified the Frum figure as Oyo, whilst Walker proposes an Owo or Oyo origin for the Dallas figure (ibid.). Walker dates the figure in Dallas to the 17th or 18th century, noting that the Owo Kingdom was ‘famous for the fine ivory carvings that were made from the 16th to 18th centuries’
In common with most equestrian figures, the horse is of secondary importance in the composition and despite its position as a status symbol it is very much smaller than the rider. The locus of the sculpture’s power is the rider’s head, which gazes with great intensity from its pupil-less eyes, its sense of potency increased by the notched eyelids, the strongly defined brow, and the prognathic jut of the jaw. The great presence of the head is further enhanced by the sweeping line which runs through the mouth from one side of the head-dress to the other. The exact significance of this line, which is peculiar to the Dallas and this figures, is unclear. Walker suggests that such lines may represent scarification marks of a type found amongst the Ijebu-Ode Yoruba (Walker: 270), but whilst similar marks often appear on Ijebu bronzes there they do not obscure the ears, as is the case here, nor do the lines pass through the mouth. Walker also proposes that the lines may show that the rider has ‘a gag to echo the curved bridle on the horse’ (ibid.). Whilst both horses sport bit-less bridles this theory seems tenable, although again the exact significance remains unclear. All three figures have a distinctive coiffure or cap with a ridged hair-line, and perhaps the line represents a sort of chin-strap for this head-dress.
Whilst the head may be the centre of the sculpture’s power, the artist has also paid careful attention to the fine detail of the rider’s highly embellished clothing and ornaments. He carries a sword and shield on his left, whilst in his right hand he holds what appear to be the remains of the reins. His elaborate costume, together with his distinctive coiffure, suggests ‘the regalia of hunter-warrior chiefs’ from the palace at Oyo (Pemberton 1982: 94). These important figures were responsible for organising hunters into warrior groups, and they occasionally acted as messengers on behalf of the king (ibid.)
Pemberton states that the use of the Frum figure ‘is not at all certain’ (ibid.), but notes Wande Abimola’s suggestion that it ‘may have been an emblem of office for an Oyo palace official’ (ibid.). Lawal suggests that the figure ‘might have been part of the paraphernalia of a warrior or an important chief’ (2012: 131). He adds that the figure would have had two functions: ‘to project high status and […] to imbue the owner with the attributes of the animals implicated in the imagery’, combining ‘the might and presence of the elephant with the vigor and speed of a horse’ (ibid.).