- 57
Masque, île de Pentecôte , Vanuatu
Description
- Masque, île de Pentecôte
- haut. 34 cm
- 13 1/2 in
Provenance
Collecté par le Réverend Alexander Morton, Vanuatu, 1887-1892
Robert Pullar Cameron, Orbost, Australie
Transmis par descendance à Alexander Finlay Cameron, Orbost, Australie
Donné par ce dernier au Orbost and District Historical Society, vers 1967
Condition
"In response to your inquiry, we are pleased to provide you with a general report of the condition of the property described above. Since we are not professional conservators or restorers, we urge you to consult with a restorer or conservator of your choice who will be better able to provide a detailed, professional report. Prospective buyers should inspect each lot to satisfy themselves as to condition and must understand that any statement made by Sotheby's is merely a subjective, qualified opinion. Prospective buyers should also refer to any Important Notices regarding this sale, which are printed in the Sale Catalogue.
NOTWITHSTANDING THIS REPORT OR ANY DISCUSSIONS CONCERNING A LOT, ALL LOTS ARE OFFERED AND SOLD AS IS" IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE CONDITIONS OF BUSINESS PRINTED IN THE SALE CATALOGUE."
Catalogue Note
Ce masque - provenant de l'île de Pentecôte, dans l'archipel du Vanuatu, anciennement connu sous le nom de Nouvelles-Hébrides - fut collecté par le Révérend Alexander Sandy Morton (Ecosse, 1858 - Nouvelle-Zélande, 1948), missionnaire et pionnier sur l'île de Malekula, entre 1887 et 1892.
Stylistiquement, il s'apparente étroitement à plusieurs autres masques juban/chubwan collectés dans la région Sud Pentecôte, l'ensemble composant un corpus très restreint. Ces masques, peu documentés, ont probablement été utilisés dans les rites établissant le lien sacré existant entre les hommes et les ignames (Huffman in Bonnemaison 1996 : 23). Si chacun offre une sculpture très individualisée, tous partagent les mêmes caractéristiques formelles, et la patine profonde attestant leur grande ancienneté.
Il peut en particulier être comparé :
- au masque conservé au Musée d'ethnographie de Genève (n° d'inv. 20931, reproduit dans : idem : 25)
- à celui du Museum für Völkerkunde de Bâle, collecté par Felix Speiser durant sa célèbre expédition en 1910-1912 (n° d'inv.Vb 4560, reproduit dans : idem : 24);
- Le masque provenant de la collection George Ortiz (Sotheby's Londres, 29 juin 1978, n° 119);
- et enfin à un autre masque également collecté par le Réverend Alexander Morton (Sotheby's, New York, 17 novembre 2006, n° 234).
Les archives du musée Orbost indiquent que le Révérend Morton offrit ce masque à l'homme qui avait construit l'église d'Orbost, M. Cameron - dont l'importante famille descendait des trois frères qui achetèrent des terres vierges sur l'estuaire de Snowy River à Orbost en 1877 (Duplain, 1979 : 536). Son fils, Alexander Cameron, en fit don en 1967 au musée, administré par la Orbost and District Historical Society. Morton s'installa en 1883 à Orbost - avant-poste célèbre dans la Colonie de Victoria, sur la rivière Snowy, au cœur d'East Gippsland. Là, il accepta le poste de ministre de l'église presbytérienne St. Andrew's.
La collection Morton est aujourd'hui dispersée. En dehors de la mention par Gabor White sur l'ensemble des coquillages marins conservé au musée Dunedin (Nouvelle- Zélande), il n'existe pas d'information complémentaire sur les œuvres des Nouvelles-Hébrides rassemblées par la mission, ni d'informations liées à leur collecte.
Nous savons que Morton avait établi sa mission à Pangkumu, sur l'île Malekula et que le masque fut rapporté des Nouvelles-Hébrides, mais l'histoire précise de sa collecte demeure incertaine. Il est possible qu'il l'ait collecté lors d'un voyage à travers les îles ou encore acquis lors d'échanges commerciaux. Morton lui-même évoque les négociants et les navires de guerre de passage à Malekula. (Dayspring 1891 : 16). De même, nous supposons que Morton a donné le masque à Robert Cameron en 1903 - année où il quitta l'Australie pour la Nouvelle-Zélande -, comme ce fut le cas pour le masque comparable qu'il offrit à M. et Mme John Rowe (Sotheby's, New York, 17 novembre 2006, n° 234).
Julian Harding (in Sotheby's, 2006 : 48), s'appuyant sur la date de collecte, l'aspect pétrifié du bois et les résultats de l'analyse au carbone 14, avait qualifié "probablement d'archétype" le premier masque Morton vendu chez Sotheby's. Ici, la patine et l'histoire de ce masque - transmis de Morton aux Cameron et légué après deux générations au musée Orbost - attestent également sa grande ancienneté.
Catherine Elliott, avril 2008
cf. Sotheby's (New York, 17 novembre 2006, n° 234) et Tribal «Men of Faith : un masque de l'Île de Pentecôte et le Révérend Morton" (XI : 4, n° 45, été 2007) pour de plus amples informations sur le Révérend Alexander Morton et l'autre masque qu'il rapportât du Vanuatu.
A magnificent Pentecost Island mask, Vanuatu
This mask, which originates from Pentecost Island, part of the Vanuatu archipelago (formerly known as the New Hebrides), was collected by the Reverend Alexander 'Sandy' Morton (b. Scotland 1858, d. New Zealand 1948), a pioneer missionary to Pangkumu on Malekula Island between 1887 and 1892.
Stylistically, this example is closely related to several other important juban/chubwan masks from south Pentecost, which together form a limited corpus of works. These little-documented masks are thought to have traditionally been used 'in aspects of rituals relating to the sacred relationship between men and yams' (Huffman in Bonnemaison 1996: 23). Whilst sharing numerous characteristics, including a remarkable patina which attests to their considerable age, each mask is a unique piece of sculpture.
For closely related masks of the same type, compare:
the mask in the Musée d'Ethnographie, Geneva (inv. no. 20931, illustrated in ibid: 25); the example in the Museum für Völkerkunde Basel, collected by Felix Speiser during his landmark expedition of 1910-1912 (inv. no. Vb 4560, illustrated in ibid: 24); a mask from the George Ortiz collection (Sotheby's London, 29 June 1978, lot 119);
another mask also collected by the Reverend Alexander Morton (Sotheby's New York, 17 November 2006, lot 234).
According to the records of the Orbost Museum, the Reverend Morton left this mask to the builder of the Orbost Presbyterian Church, a Mr Cameron. Robert Pullar Cameron (b. 1861 Geelong, d. 1949 Orbost) was a descendent of a prominent settler family who had bought virgin land on the Snowy River estuary at Orbost in 1877 (Duplain 1979: 536). In 1967, his son Alexander Finlay Cameron (b. 1899 Orbost, d. 1983 Orbost) gave the mask to the Orbost Museum, which is administered by the Orbost and District Historical Society. Morton's association with the town of Orbost began in 1893, the year he settled in what was then a remote outpost in the Colony of Victoria located in the heart of East Gippsland. There he took up an appointment as minister of St Andrew's Presbyterian Church.
Other than a fleeting mention of Morton's seashell collection in the Dunedin Museum, New Zealand, and the Orbost Museum mask and 'waddy' (club) in Gador-Whyte's Pioneers and Pilgrims: a History of the Presbyterian and Methodist Churches in Orbost and East Gippsland (1986:4), there appear to be no further records either of the New Hebrides objects the missionary assembled, or of the circumstances surrounding their collection. It was Gador-Whyte's text which led to the discovery of this hitherto unknown mask.
Although we know Morton established his mission at Pangkumu on Malekula Island and brought the mask back from the New Hebrides, precisely where he collected the piece remains uncertain. It is possible he collected it while travelling the islands or through trade with others. Morton himself speaks of traders and war vessels visiting Malekula (Dayspring 1891:16). While later records lack detail, Morton may have given the mask to Mr Robert Cameron some time before he left Australia for New Zealand in 1903 as a token of friendship, as was also probably the case with the mask he gave to Mr and Mrs John Rowe (Sotheby's New York, 17 November 2006, lot 234).
Discussing the first Morton mask sold by Sotheby's, Julian Harding (in Sotheby's, 2006: 48) notes that the early collecting history, the almost petrified appearance of the wood and the results of the radiocarbon testing suggested that the mask was quite possibly 'an archetype of its kind'. Both the patina and the history of the offered mask, which came directly from Morton to the Cameron family and then, after two generations, to the Orbost Museum, attest to this example's great age.
Catherine Elliott, April 2008
For further information regarding the Reverend Alexander Morton and the other mask he brought back from Vanuatu, see Sotheby's New York, 17 November 2006, lot 234 and Tribal, 'Men of Faith: a Pentecost Island Mask and The Reverend Morton', XI: 4, No. 45, Summer 2007.
Acknowledgments
Mr Donald Cochrane, Presbyterian Church Archives, Dunedin, New Zealand
Mr Paul Dawson, formerly of the Orbost and District Historical Society, Victoria, Australia
Mr John Phillips, the Orbost and District Historical Society, Victoria, Australia
The Reverend Peter Gador-Whyte, Australia
Mrs Chris Palmer, Presbyterian Church of Victoria, Australia