Pablo Picasso

Estate of the artist

Private Collection, Switzerland

Avignon, Palais des Papes, XXIVème Festival d'Avignon, Pablo Picasso 1969-1970, 1970, no. 29

Nantes, Musée des Beaux-Arts, Picasso, La peinture seule, 2002-03, no. 29

Christian Zervos, Pablo Picasso, oeuvres de 1969,  vol. 31, Paris, 1976, no. 192, illustrated pl. 61

Raphael Alberti, Picasso en Avignon, Paris, 1971, no. 75, listed

Klaus Gallwitz, Picasso at 90, The Late Work, New York, 1971, no. 305, illustrated p. 193

Klaus Gallwitz, Picasso, The Heroic Years, New York, 1985, no. 305, illustrated p. 194

The Picasso Project, Picasso's Paintings, Watercolors, Drawings and Sculpture, The Sixties III, 1968-1969, San Francisco, 2004, no. 69-194, illustrated p. 160

 

This work is in excellent original condition. Original canvas. The thick impasto is intact. No inpainting appears under ultra-violet light.
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The character of the smoker had a long and distinguished history in Picasso's art.   This figure, in addition to his obvious Freudian connotations of manhood, was essentially a reference to the artist himself.   In countless photographs from this era the artist was pictured smoking a cigarette, and the reference to smoking in this composition is a clue to the identity of the sitter.  For this picture from 1969, the pipe smoker has taken on a persona of the musketeer, the hyper-masculine character that recurred in a series of canvases that the artist completed at end of his life.   

The iconography of the musketeer was indicative of Picasso's self-awareness in the years before his death. Gone from his paintings were the veiled references to the artist as the victorious gladiator or centaur, as these indefatigable characters were not indicative of the artist's failing stamina and lost youth. The vainglorious musketeer was believed to be a more appropriate incarnation, offering a spectrum of interpretations that occupied the artist until the end of his life.   His work on this theme began in the mid-1960s with a series of engravings and works on paper that explored this figure, and, later, a variety of canvases of the musketeer, festooned in colorful regalia and brandishing a symbol of his virility - a pipe, instrument, weapon, or even a paintbrush.

As Picasso developed this series during the late 1960s and into the 70s, the musketeer became a multi-dimensional figure, exhibiting a range of personalities including card players, musicians and pipe smokers (see figs. 2 & 3), illustrating his adventures as a bon vivant. In the work under discussion, completed in 1969 and only a few years before the artist's death, the musketeer has become an amalgamation of defining symbols. Unlike earlier versions of this subject in which the artist is careful to render the likeness of the figure through costume and presentation, the present work is identifiable as part of the musketeer series only by particular attributes. Nevertheless, the figure is unquestionably a man of stature, depicted here in the dignified manner of classical portraiture.

For Picasso, the musketeer signified the golden age of painting, and allowed him to escape the limitations of contemporary subject matter and explore the spirit of a past age. Here was a character that embodied the courtly mannerisms of the Renaissance gentleman, and Picasso's rendering of this image was also his tribute to the work of two painters he had adored throughout his life - Velasquez and Rembrandt. Picasso had devoted a large portion of his production throughout the 1960s to the reinterpretation and investigation of the old masters, an experience in which he reaffirmed his connection to some of the greatest painters in the history of art. The musketeer series was a continuation of this interest and began, according to his wife Jacqueline Roque, "when Picasso started to study Rembrandt," but his appreciation of other great figures of the Renaissance, including Shakespeare, also influenced the appearance of these characters.

 

Picasso seldom depicted himself directly, choosing instead to have thematic characters personify him. The smoking figure in the present work was yet another incarnation of the artist, now an old man, and revealed his particular preoccupations during these final years of his life: "The Pipe Smokers - a favorite theme of Picasso's that goes back to Cubism - afforded him one way of assuaging his frustration. 'Age has forced us to abandon [smoking],' he said to Brassaï, 'but the desire remains. It's the same with love.' For Picasso man was no longer a godlike sculptor at the height of his maturity, nor was he the monstrous Minotaur, symbol of duality; he was a fictitious character, a carnival puppet whose identity and truth lay in masks and signs. Malraux accurately compared these figures to the flat and emblematic personages of the tarot. It was not without humor that Picasso created these characters, whose amorous adventures he chronicled in his etchings. Imagine painting musketeers in 1970! They were ornamental figures whose clothes were a pretext both for the blaze of blood red and golden yellow and for the resurgence of a newly found Spanishness" (Brigitte Léal, Christine Piot and Marie-Laure Bernadac, The Ultimate Picasso, New York, 2000, p. 457-58).

Fig. 1, The artist standing next to one of his smoking men, 1967.  Photograph by Kurt Wyss

Fig. 2, Pablo Picasso, Le Fumeur à l'épée, oil on canvas, October 4, 1970, The Rosengart Collection

Fig. 3, Pablo Picasso, Personnage à la pipe, 1971, oil on canvas, sold: Sotheby's, New York, November 5, 2003, lot 29