DAVID HOCKNEY | Picture of a Hollywood Swimming Pool

Kasmin Gallery, Ltd., London
Sir Robert Adeane, O.B.E., London (acquired by 1970)
The Mayor Gallery, London
Knoedler & Co., London
Stanley J. Seeger, Great Britain (acquired from the above in May 1980)
Sotheby's New York, The Eye of a Collector: Works from the Collection of Stanley J. Seeger, May 8, 2001, Lot 30 (consigned by the above)
Acquired by the present owner from the above

London, Kasmin Limited, David Hockney: Pictures with Frames and Still Life Pictures, December 1965, illustrated
Manchester, Whitworth Art Gallery, University of Manchester, Paintings and Prints by David Hockney, February - March 1969, p. 22, no. 17 (text)
London, The Whitechapel Art Gallery, David Hockney: Paintings, Prints and Drawings 1960-1970, April - May 1970, p. 48, no. 64.18, illustrated
Paris, Musée des Arts Décoratifs, Palais du Louvre, David Hockney: Tableaux et Dessins, Paintings and Drawings, October - December 1974, p. 31, no. 7, illustrated
Los Angeles, Los Angeles County Museum of Art; New York, The Metropolitan Museum of Art; and London, Tate Gallery, David Hockney: A Retrospective, February 1988 - January 1989, p. 144, no. 26A, illustrated in color, p. 252 (text)
Tokyo, Takashimaya Art Gallery; Kagawa, Marugame Genichiro-Inokuma Museum of Contemporary Art; Fukushima, Koriyama City Museum of Art; and Chiba, Chiba Sogo Museum of Art, Hockney in California, April - August 1994, n.p., no. 4, illustrated in color

Nikos Stangos, ed., David Hockney by David Hockney, New York, 1977, p. 100 (text), p. 114, no. 119, illustrated, p. 125 (text), and p. 300, no. 119 (text)
Nikos Stangos, ed., Pictures by David Hockney, New York, 1979, p. 52, illustrated
Exh. Cat., Minneapolis, Walker Art Center (and travelling), Hockney Paints the Stage, 1983, p. 48 (text)
Peter Clothier, David Hockney, New York, London, and Paris, 1995, p. 29, no. 26, illustrated in color, and p. 30 (text)
Marco Livingstone, David Hockney, London, 1996, p. 66, no. 48, illustrated in color, p. 72 (text), and p. 74 (text)
David Hockney, Hockney's Pictures, New York, 2004, p. 67, illustrated in color
Exh. Cat., Schwäbisch Hall, Kunsthalle Würth, David Hockney/Nur Natur/Just Nature, 2009, p. 49, illustrated in color, p. 213, illustrated in color
Christopher Simon Sykes, Hockney: The Biography, Volume 1 1937-1975, London, 2011, p. 205, illustrated in color
David Hockney and Hans Werner Holzwarth, eds., David Hockney - A Bigger Book, Cologne, 2016, p. 71, illustrated (installed in the exhibition David Hockney: Pictures with Frames and Still Life Pictures, Kasmin Limited, London, 1965)

Picture of a Hollywood Swimming Pool from 1964 is the very first painting from David Hockney’s iconic corpus of pools. Featured in the artist’s best-known paintings, drawings, and photographs, the sun-dappled cerulean pool has become the defining motif of Hockney’s inimitable oeuvre. Executed in 1964, at a stylistically pivotal moment for the artist, Picture of a Hollywood Swimming Pool represents the genesis of what would become Hockney’s most archetypal subject matter, joining the ranks of such touchstone icons as the waterlilies of Claude Monet, bulls of Pablo Picasso, flags of Jasper Johns, and skulls of Jean-Michel Basquiat. Christopher Knight notes: “If there is one image that more than any other is conventionally associated with David Hockney’s art, surely it is the image of the swimming pool.” (Christopher Knight, “Composite Views: Themes and Motifs in Hockney’s Art,” Exh. Cat., Los Angeles, Los Angeles County Museum of Art (and travelling), David Hockney: A Retrospective, 1988, p. 23) Pools feature prominently in Hockney’s most treasured works, including A Bigger Splash (Tate Gallery, London), Peter Getting out of Nick’s Pool (Walker Art Gallery, Liverpool), and Portrait of an Artist (Pool with Two Figures) (the auction record for the artist). The present work bears exceptional provenance, having once belonged to the legendary collector Stanley J. Seeger, and has remained in the same private collection for nearly twenty years. Hailing from an oeuvre produced over decades and comprising everything from drawings and paintings to photography and investigations into the possibilities of fax machines and iPads, the present work returns us to the brilliant moment of inception that catalyzed a seismic shift in the artist’s career, thereby cementing Hockney’s place as one of today’s most endlessly engaging and relentlessly inventive artists. Picture of a Hollywood Swimming Pool is an early ode to Hockney’s adopted home in California and was executed shortly after his first visit to the state; having graduated from the Royal College of Art in 1962, Hockney travelled to New York in late 1963, after which he continued to Los Angeles, during which time he initially began exploring the swimming pool in a series of drawings. Accompanied by Ossie Clark (of Hockney’s famous double portrait Mr and Mrs Clark and Percy, Tate Gallery, London), Hockney dove into what seemed to him a truly Bacchanalian lifestyle and became utterly seduced by the allure of swimming pools and all they represented: love, lust, affection, tranquility, and leisure. A keen traveler, Hockney had always been inspired by his surroundings, but perhaps never more so than when he first landed in Los Angeles. Upon Hockney’s return to England near Christmas in 1964, he painted Picture of a Hollywood Swimming Pool from a drawing he had executed earlier that year, fixing upon the canvas the incandescent light and bold color of California with an almost religious reverence. Of the present work, Hockney writes: “And then I came back to England near Christmas in 1964 and the first thing I did was Picture of a Hollywood Swimming Pool, from a drawing. I painted it in England. The method of depicting water was influenced by the later abstract paintings of Dubuffet and Bernard Cohen’s spaghetti pictures. I thought, here is a way to do water. The idea of leaving a border of virgin canvas round the image was, in retrospect, a timid one. It makes the picture look more like a painting (you’re even less likely to trip up and fall into the pool), which was an essential premise in advanced painting at that time.” (The artist quoted in Nikos Stangos, ed., David Hockney by David Hockney, New York 1977, p. 100)

Hockney’s characteristic flattening and tilting of space in the present work plunges the viewer into his remembered experience, enveloping us in the calm pool-side atmosphere. Hockney’s brilliant use of line and perspective creates a vertiginous drop, such that the viewer does feel as if he or she has walked out onto the warm pool deck and can peer over the edge into the rippling water. A leafy green plant – a signature Hockney motif – bursts from its brown pot, which has been strategically cropped at the edge of the image, refusing the viewer any shallow pictorial space. Throughout his career, Hockney has returned to the insertion of plants and flowers in his paintings – a nod to the most significant and beloved subject matter for artists as disparate as Dutch master Ambrosius Bosschaert and Impressionist master Vincent van Gogh. Aside from anchoring Picture of a Hollywood Swimming Pool in an art historical context, the planter here acts as stand-in for the viewer, gaining an autonomy and independence as an object all its own. The dark blue lounge chair, comprising stylized rhomboid forms and thrusting outward, also acts as a proxy for a person; in the artist’s own words: “I’ve always loved chairs; they have arms and legs, like people…They’re not just empty chairs.” (The artist quoted in Martin Bailey, “What Hockney Thinks of van Gogh,” The Art Newspaper, October 9, 2015, n.p.) Hockney’s use of plant and chair within this flattened space speaks to the artist’s early work as a set designer, and illustrates a profound engagement with the grander tradition of still life painting.  

Loops and puddles of blue and white paint undulate over the canvas in a tangled weave that, while remaining stylized, immediately evokes the shimmering surface of a pool whilst nodding to contemporary styles. Of the present work, Marco Livingstone writes: “There are two important features which save Hockney’s work from becoming too drily pedagogic in its demonstration of twentieth-century pictorial devices. One is the wit with which Hockney charges his stylistic references through a change of context. The curvilinear surface pattern of Picture of a Hollywood Swimming Pool, for instance, refers to Dubuffet’s new hourloupe paintings, to abstracts by Bernard Cohen in which a looped line establishes a continuous movement across the picture, and to the arabesques of Art Nouveau (one of Cohen’s own sources), but it succeeds despite the weight of reference because of the convincing way in which it evokes water in movement.” (Marco Livingstone, David Hockney, New York, 1996, p. 72) These sinuous curls and twisting lines also prefigure the calligraphic and rhythmic compositions of Brice Marden’s Cold Mountain paintings, and the thunderous crimson crests and roaring riptides of Cy Twombly’s legendary Bacchus series.

Picture of a Hollywood Swimming Pool marks a critical juncture in Hockney’s technique, in which he began exploring the possibilities afforded by different media, most notably acrylic paint and cameras. In contrast to the pliability and wetness of oil paint, plastic-based acrylic paint dried quicker and produced a more flattened finish – much like a photograph. Up to this point, Hockney’s choice to use oil paint was as much stylistic as intellectual; it was in 1964 that he took stock of his early 1960s paintings and realized that his use of oil paint built thickly onto his canvases reflected the works of his Abstract Expressionist forebears, such as Willem de Kooning. By making a conscious effort to flatten his surfaces through the use of thinly applied and quick-drying acrylic paint, Hockney shifted the focus of his paintings from the paint itself to the image – an emphatic rejection of the previous generation’s insistence on materiality. The second stylistic change that spurred the present work was color film, which Hockney began using in his Polaroid camera in 1964. The framing device of the Polaroid prints, with the border surrounding the colored image, inspired Hockney’s later compositional choices, first employed in the present work; Hockney notes: “I used borders around an image a lot, from about 1964 to 1967. This wasn’t just a framing device. It started off as a formal device. I think the first one where the real painted picture is within the border was Picture of a Hollywood Swimming Pool in 1964. By 1967 I’d realized that the reason I was using the border was that the pictures had become more fully pictorial; it was a kind of concession to current art.” (The artist in Nikos Stangos, David Hockney by David Hockney, New York, 1977, p. 125)

Although the first pool painting of many to come, Picture of a Hollywood Swimming Pool bears all the hallmarks of later masterpieces; flattening space and perspective, Hockney creates a stage across which he choreographs this vivid remembered experience – an experience that would transform his entire body of work. Even today, after decades of producing continually inventive paintings, Picture of a Hollywood Swimming Pool remains a stunning testament to Hockney’s artistic prowess.